Thaïs (Massenet, Jules)

Movements/SectionsMov'ts/Sec's 3 acts
Composition Year 1894, revised 1898
Genre Categories Lyric comedies; Theatrical Works; Operas; [44 more...]Lyric operas; For voices, mixed chorus, orchestra; Scores featuring the voice; Scores featuring mixed chorus; Scores featuring the orchestra; For voices and chorus with orchestra; French language; For violin, piano, organ (arr); For 3 players (arr); Scores featuring the violin (arr); Scores featuring the piano (arr); Scores featuring the organ (arr); For harp, violin, organ (arr); Scores featuring the harp (arr); for clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, trombone, violin and double bass (arr); For piano (arr); For 1 player (arr); For orchestra (arr); Scores featuring the orchestra (arr); For violin, strings (arr); Scores featuring string ensemble (arr); For strings with soloists (arr); For 4 accordions, bass accordion, timpani (arr); Scores featuring the accordion (arr); Scores featuring the bass accordion (arr); Scores featuring the timpani (arr); For 6 players (arr); For voice, violin, piano, organ (arr); Scores featuring the voice (arr); For voices with solo instruments (arr); For voice, piano (arr); For voices with keyboard (arr); For flute, piano (arr); Scores featuring the flute (arr); For 2 players (arr); For 2 accordions (arr); For violin, organ (arr); For violin, piano (arr); For viola, piano (arr); Scores featuring the viola (arr); For cello, organ (arr); Scores featuring the cello (arr); For cello, piano (arr); For organ (arr)
Related Works Pieces based on Thaïs

Contents

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Performances [show]

Sheet Music

Full Scores

Complete

 Act I
#609965 - 34.00MB, 183 pp. -  5.4/10 2 4 6 8 10 (10) - V/V/V - 265×⇩ - Bfuhrman

PDF scanned by F-Pn
Bfuhrman (2020/2/19)

 Act II
#609966 - 168.58MB, 894 pp. -  4.8/10 2 4 6 8 10 (15) - V/V/V - 376×⇩ - Bfuhrman

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Bfuhrman (2020/2/19)

 Act III
#609967 - 122.85MB, 622 pp. -  5.75/10 2 4 6 8 10 (8) - V/V/V - 118×⇩ - Bfuhrman

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Bfuhrman (2020/2/19)

 Ballet, revisions for 1898 production
#652965 - 79.55MB, 442 pp. -  10/10 2 4 6 8 10 (1) - V/V/V - 46×⇩ - Alaric

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Alaric (2020/10/19)

Publisher. Info. Holograph manuscript, 1894-98.
Copyright
Public Domain
Misc. Notes Bibliothèque nationale de France, Musique (F-Pn): FPo, A-665, A (1-4)
Includes alternate ending, extended passage between Scenes 1 and 2 of Act II. The 4th volume includes the ballet and amendments made for the revised version of 1898.
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Revised Version (1898)

Editor First edition
Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, 1894. Plate H. & Cie. 9434.
Reprinted Paris: Heugel, n.d.(ca.1898).
Copyright
Public Domain
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Meditation (Act II, No.23)

Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, 1894. Plate H. & Cie. 9434.
Reprinted New York: E.F. Kalmus, n.d.(1933–70). Catalog A1694.
Copyright
Public Domain
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 Complete Score
#97008 - 0.12MB, 9 pp. -  5.6923076923077/10 2 4 6 8 10 (39) - !N/!N/!N - 58342×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/3/22)

Editor Christopher Fazzi
Publisher. Info. Christopher Fazzi
Copyright
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
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Ballet Music (Act II)

Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, 1894. Plate H. & Cie. 9434.
Reprinted New York: E.F. Kalmus, n.d.(1933–70). Catalog A4267.
Copyright
Public Domain
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Parts

Complete

Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, n.d.[1894]. Plate H.& Cie. 7997.
Copyright
Public Domain
Misc. Notes This file is part of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Rokahr Family Archive Mirroring Project.
US-LIu has the publication date as 1885, but that is 9 years before it was written/performed.
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Meditation (Act II, No.23)

⇒ 12 more: Oboe, English Horn • Clarinet 1/2 (A), Bass Clarinet (B♭) • Bassoon 1/2, Contrabassoon • Horn 1/2, 3/4 (F) • Trumpet 1, 2 (A) • Trombone, Bass Trombone • Timpani • Harp • Violin Solo/Violins I • Violins II • Violas • Cellos/Basses

Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, 1894. Plate H. & Cie. 9346.
Reprinted New York: E.F. Kalmus, n.d.(1933–70). Catalog A1694.
Copyright
Public Domain
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 Flute 1
#98297 - 0.02MB, 1 pp. -  6.3/10 2 4 6 8 10 (20) - !N/!N/!N - 12708×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

⇒ 17 more: Flute 2 • Oboe 1 • Oboe 2 • Clarinet 1 (B♭) • Clarinet 2 (B♭) • Bassoon 1 • Bassoon 2 • Horn 1/2 • Horn 3/4 • Harp • Chorus • Violin Solo • Violins I • Violins II • Violas • Cellos • Basses

 Flute 2
#98298 - 0.02MB, 1 pp. -  5.3846153846154/10 2 4 6 8 10 (13) - !N/!N/!N - 6329×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Oboe 1
#98299 - 0.02MB, 1 pp. -  8.6666666666667/10 2 4 6 8 10 (3) - !N/!N/!N - 6646×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Oboe 2
#98300 - 0.02MB, 1 pp. -  7.3333333333333/10 2 4 6 8 10 (3) - !N/!N/!N - 5409×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Clarinet 1 (B♭)
#98301 - 0.02MB, 1 pp. -  6.75/10 2 4 6 8 10 (8) - !N/!N/!N - 7029×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Clarinet 2 (B♭)
#98302 - 0.02MB, 1 pp. -  8.6666666666667/10 2 4 6 8 10 (6) - !N/!N/!N - 5543×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Bassoon 1
#98303 - 0.03MB, 1 pp. -  8.6666666666667/10 2 4 6 8 10 (3) - !N/!N/!N - 5662×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Bassoon 2
#98304 - 0.02MB, 1 pp. -  10/10 2 4 6 8 10 (2) - !N/!N/!N - 5046×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Horn 1/2
#98305 - 0.02MB, 1 pp. -  9/10 2 4 6 8 10 (4) - !N/!N/!N - 6223×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Horn 3/4
#98306 - 0.02MB, 1 pp. -  10/10 2 4 6 8 10 (2) - !N/!N/!N - 5242×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Harp
#98307 - 0.06MB, 4 pp. -  7.7777777777778/10 2 4 6 8 10 (9) - !N/!N/!N - 11296×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Chorus
#98308 - 0.03MB, 3 pp. -  6.9090909090909/10 2 4 6 8 10 (11) - !N/!N/!N - 5671×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Violin Solo
#98309 - 0.04MB, 2 pp. -  6.4375/10 2 4 6 8 10 (64) - !N/!N/!N - 75649×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Violins I
#98310 - 0.03MB, 2 pp. -  6.8/10 2 4 6 8 10 (30) - !N/!N/!N - 21420×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Violins II
#98311 - 0.03MB, 2 pp. -  7.4285714285714/10 2 4 6 8 10 (14) - !N/!N/!N - 9617×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Violas
#98312 - 0.03MB, 2 pp. -  8.2857142857143/10 2 4 6 8 10 (7) - !N/!N/!N - 8309×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Cellos
#98313 - 0.03MB, 2 pp. -  7/10 2 4 6 8 10 (10) - !N/!N/!N - 10275×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

 Basses
#98314 - 0.03MB, 2 pp. -  8.4/10 2 4 6 8 10 (5) - !N/!N/!N - 7294×⇩ - Cfazzi

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Cfazzi (2011/4/4)

Editor Christopher Fazzi
Publisher. Info. Christopher Fazzi, 2011.
Copyright
Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0
Misc. Notes Original orchestration
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 Timpani
#380713 - 0.01MB, 1 pp. -  4/10 2 4 6 8 10 (2) - !N/!N/!N - 1883×⇩ - Ilynov

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Ilynov (2015/6/6)

Editor Yuri Ilynov
Publisher. Info. Yuri Ilynov, 2015.
Copyright
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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Ballet Music (Act II)

⇒ 14 more: Oboe 1/2, English Horn • Clarinet 1/2 (A/B♭), Bass Clarinet (B♭) • Bassoon 1/2, Contrabassoon • Horn 1/2, 3/4 (F) • Trumpet 1/2, 3 (E/F) • Trombone 1/2, 3, Tuba • Timpani • Glockenspiel/Triangle/Snare Drum/Tam-Tam, Bass Drum/Cymbals • Organ • Harp • Violins I • Violins II • Violas • Cellos/Basses

Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, 1894. Plate H. & Cie. 9346.
Reprinted New York: E.F. Kalmus, n.d.(1933–70). Catalog A4267.
Copyright
Public Domain
Misc. Notes The Ballet Music begins at rehearsal 184 and ends at the measure before rehearsal 234.
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Vocal Scores

Revised version (1898)

Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, n.d.[1900]. Plates H. et Cie. 7644, 9648, 20086.
Copyright
Public Domain
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 Complete Score
#20437 - 8.70MB, 283 pp. -  5.75/10 2 4 6 8 10 (8) - V/V/V - 6571×⇩ - Alaric

PDF scanned by Unknown
Alaric (2008/8/6)

Language French / English
Translator Hermann Klein (1856–1934), English text
Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, 1907. Plate H. et Cie. 23,520.
Copyright
Public Domain
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Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, 1922. Plate H. et. Cie. 7644.
Copyright
Public Domain
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Arrangements and Transcriptions

Original Version (1894)

For Piano (Roques)
Arranger Léon Roques (1839–1923)
Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, 1894. Plate H. & Cie. 9648.
Copyright
Public Domain
Misc. Notes This file is part of the Sibley Mirroring Project.
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Revised Version (1898)

For Piano (Roques)
Arranger Léon Roques (1839–1923)
Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, 1894. Plate H. & Cie. 9648.
Reprinted Paris: Heugel, ca. 1900 (revised segments inserted amongst original plates, no secondary publication date or plate number indicated).
Copyright
Public Domain
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Méditation (Act II, No.23)

For Theatre Orchestra (Mouton)
Arranger Hubert Mouton (1872–1954)
Publisher. Info. Berlin: Heugel, 1911. Plate H.& Cio 25283.
Copyright
Public Domain
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For Violin and Strings (McIntyre)

⇒ 7 more: Complete Parts • Violin solo • Violins I • Violins II • Violas • Cellos • Basses

 Complete Parts
#317997 - 0.17MB, 11 pp. -  6.6666666666667/10 2 4 6 8 10 (6) - !N/!N/!N - 6143×⇩ - Duncan101

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Duncan101 (2014/3/7)

 Violin solo
#317998 - 0.07MB, 2 pp. -  5.8857142857143/10 2 4 6 8 10 (35) - !N/!N/!N - 44933×⇩ - Duncan101

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Duncan101 (2014/3/7)

 Violins I
#317999 - 0.07MB, 2 pp. -  6.1333333333333/10 2 4 6 8 10 (15) - !N/!N/!N - 7159×⇩ - Duncan101

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Duncan101 (2014/3/7)

 Violins II
#318000 - 0.06MB, 2 pp. -  4.3333333333333/10 2 4 6 8 10 (6) - !N/!N/!N - 4292×⇩ - Duncan101

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Duncan101 (2014/3/7)

 Violas
#318001 - 0.06MB, 2 pp. -  3.3333333333333/10 2 4 6 8 10 (3) - !N/!N/!N - 3971×⇩ - Duncan101

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Duncan101 (2014/3/7)

Arranger Duncan McIntyre
Publisher. Info. Duncan McIntyre
Copyright
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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For Violin and Strings (Webber)

 Complete Score and Parts (12 x 18 booklets)
#665905 - 0.33MB, 12 pp. -  7.3333333333333/10 2 4 6 8 10 (3) - !N/!N/!N - 6954×⇩ - Jcwebber

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Jcwebber (2020/12/26)

Arranger John Webber (b. 1949)
Publisher. Info. John Webber
Copyright
Creative Commons Zero 1.0
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For Clarinet, Bassoon, Trumpet, Trombone, Violin and Double Bass (Girtain IV)
Arranger Edgar Girtain IV (b. 1988)
Publisher. Info. Edgar Girtain IV, 2021.
Copyright
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Misc. Notes (L'Histoire Ensemble)
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For 4 Accordions, Bass Accordion and Timpani (De Bra)
Arranger Paul De Bra (b. 1959)
Publisher. Info. Paul De Bra, 2023.
Copyright
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
Misc. Notes Can also be played without Timpani.
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For Voice, Violin, Piano and Organ (Massenet)
Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, 1894. Plate H. et Cie. 8052.
Copyright
Public Domain
Misc. Notes Publised as Ave Maria and set to the traditional text.
Harp may substitute for piano in this edition.
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For Violin, Organ and Harp or Piano (Marsick)
Arranger Martin Pierre Marsick (1847–1924)
Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, n.d.(ca.1894). Plate H. & Cie. 9652.
Copyright
Public Domain
Misc. Notes From the International Harp Archives at Brigham Young University
(as digitally mirrored at archive.org).
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For Voice and Piano (Massenet)
Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, 1896. Plate 8305. (in Mélodies, volume IV)
Reprinted New York: E.F. Kalmus, n.d.(1933–70).
Copyright
Public Domain
Misc. Notes Publised as Ave Maria and set to the traditional text.
Published in D major in both the medium and high voice editions.
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For Flute and Piano (Taffanel)
Arranger Paul Taffanel (1844–1908)
Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, 1894. Plate H. & Cie. 9626.
Reprinted Boston: Cundy-Bettoney Co., n.d. Plate 7265-6.
Copyright
Public Domain
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For 2 Accordions (De Bra)
Arranger Paul De Bra (b. 1959)
Publisher. Info. Paul De Bra, 2018.
Copyright
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
Misc. Notes Acc. 1 only treble side, Acc. 2 treble and bass side.
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For Violin and Organ (Brunet)

 Complete Score
#594436 - 1.73MB, 7 pp. -  0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - !N/!N/!N - 6465×⇩ - Alex'Not

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Alex'Not (2019/10/23)

Arranger Alain Brunet (b. 1967)
Publisher. Info. Alex'Not
Copyright
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0
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For Violin and Piano (Marsick)
Arranger Martin Pierre Marsick (1847–1924)
Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, 1894. Plate H. et Cie. 9625.
Copyright
Public Domain
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 Complete Score and Violin Part
#04323 - 0.54MB, 5 pp. -  5.1636363636364/10 2 4 6 8 10 (165) - V/V/V - 117310×⇩ - Jimhoyl

PDF scanned by Unknown
Jimhoyl (2007/3/12)

Arranger Martin Pierre Marsick (1847–1924)
Publisher. Info. St. Petersburg: J.H. Zimmermann, n.d.(ca.1905). Plate Z. 6777.
Copyright
Public Domain
Misc. Notes Marsick's arrangement was originally published by Heugel in 1894 (Plate H. et Cie. 9625). Zimmermann appears to have re-engraved the arrangement about a decade later. BYU scan of Marsick arr. (archive.org)
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For Viola and Piano (Soontornniyomkij)
Arranger Varun Soontornniyomkij (b. 1997)
Publisher. Info. Varun Soontornniyomkij, 2020.
Copyright
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0
Misc. Notes For use with the piano part of Marsick’s arrangement for violin and piano; a virtual performance is available here
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For Cello and Organ (Brunet)

 Complete Score
#594437 - 0.92MB, 7 pp. -  0/10 2 4 6 8 10 (0) - !N/!N/!N - 2856×⇩ - Alex'Not

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Alex'Not (2019/10/23)

Arranger Alain Brunet (b. 1967)
Publisher. Info. Alex'Not
Copyright
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0
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For Cello and Piano (Delsart)
Arranger Jules Delsart (1844–1900)
Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, 1894. Plate H. et Cie. 9627.
Copyright
Public Domain
Misc. Notes Scanned from post-1922 printing. (US copyright renewal statement).
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For Cello and Piano (Mandozzi)

 Cello Part
#357237 - 0.05MB, 2 pp. -  5.3684210526316/10 2 4 6 8 10 (19) - !N/!N/!N - 20545×⇩ - Cellofan

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Cellofan (2014/12/21)

Arranger Orfeo Mandozzi
Publisher. Info. Vienna: Orfeo Mandozzi 21.12.2014
Copyright
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
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For Organ (Gouin)

 Complete Score
#131719 - 0.17MB, 5 pp. -  10/10 2 4 6 8 10 (1) - !N/!N/!N - 7437×⇩ - Pierre Gouin

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Pierre Gouin (2011/10/2)

Arranger Pierre Gouin - Contact
Publisher. Info. Montréal: Les Éditions Outremontaises, 2010
Copyright
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0
Misc. Notes These file(s) are part of the Werner Icking Music Collection.
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For Organ (Silver)
Arranger Alfred Jethro Silver (1870–1935)
Publisher. Info. London: Schott, n.d.
Reprinted New York: E.F. Kalmus, n.d.(1933–70).Organ Library 3676.
Reissue - Melville: Belwin-Mills, n.d.(after 1976).
Copyright
Public Domain
Misc. Notes 600 dpi
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For Piano
Publisher. Info. Paris: Heugel, 1894. Plate H. et Cie. 9622.
Copyright
Public Domain
Misc. Notes This file is from the MIT archive project.
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Publisher. Info. St. Petersburg: A. Johansen, n.d. Plate T.A. 3149 I.
Copyright
Public Domain
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Librettos

Editor A. Galli
Publisher. Info. Milan: Casa Musicale Sonzogno, n.d.(1929).
Copyright
Public Domain
Misc. Notes I-CRsp, Fondo Giuseppina Ghisi 232
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General Information

Work Title Thaïs
Alternative. Title Comédie lyrique en trois actes et sept tableaux
Name Translations Таис; 타이스; Thais; タイス (オペラ); Թայիս; [6 more...]Таїс; Θαΐς; Tais; 黛依丝; اوبرا تاهيس; תאיס (אופרה)
Name Aliases Θαΐδα
Authorities WorldCat; Wikipedia; VIAF: 178606563; LCCN: n92071684; GND: 300100116; [2 more...]BNF: 13916056d; BNE: XX2808830
Composer Massenet, Jules
Opus/Catalogue NumberOp./Cat. No. DO 24 ; 24a
Internal Reference NumberInternal Ref. No. IJM 237
Movements/SectionsMov'ts/Sec's 3 acts: [more...]
▪ Act I
▪ Tableau I: La Thébaïde
1. Voici le pain, et le sel, et l'hysope !
2. Non… mon coeur est plein d'amertume
3. Hélas !… enfant encore je l'ai connue
4. Ne nous mêlons jamais, mon fils, aux gens du siècle
5. Vision d'Athanaël
6. Toi qui mis la pitié dans nos âmes
7. Esprit de lumière et de grâce, arme mon coeur pour le combat
▪ Tableau II: Alexandrie
8. Va, mendiant, chercher ailleurs ta vie
9. Voilà donc la terrible cité ! Alexandrie !
10. Athanaël, c'est toi ! mon condisciple, mon ami !
11. Ah ! ah ! ah ! il est jeune, il est beau !
12. Thaïs, soeur des Karites
13. C'est Thaïs, l'idole fragile
14. Qui te fait si sévére ? Couronne-toi de roses
▪ Act II
▪ Tableau I: Chez Thaïs
15. Ah ! je suis fatiguée à mourir !
16. O mon miroir fidèle, dis-moi que je suis belle
17. Étranger, te voilà, comme tu l'avis dit !
18. Qui m'inspirera les discours embrasés ?
19. Vénus, invisible et présente
20. Je suis Athanaël, moine d'Antioné
21. Pitié ! Ne me fais pas de mal
22. Thaïs, idole fragile, je veux, une dernière fois
23. Méditation
▪ Tableau II: Devant la maison de Thaïs
24. Père, Dieu m'parlé par ta voix ! me voici !
25. Non loin d'ici, vers l'occident, il est un monastère
26. L'amour est une vertu rare
27. Suivez-moi tous, amis
28. Ballet
a. Allegro vivo
b. Mélopée orientale
c. Allegro brillante
d. Allegretto con spirito
e. Mouvement de valse
f. La charmeuse
g. Final
29. Jamais ! non jamais
▪ Act III
▪ Tableau I: L'oasis
30. Prélude
31. L'ardent soleil m'écrase
32. Seul le repentir nous épure
33. O messager de Dieu, si bon dans ta rudesse
34. Baigne d'eau tes mains et tes lèvres
35. Pater noster qui es in coelis
36. J'apporte à ta ruche divine
37. Elle va lentement
▪ Tableau II: La Thébaïde
38. Que le ciel est pesant !
39. Tu sais, ô Palémon, que j'ai reconquis l'âme
40. Ne t'avais-je pas dit : ne nous mêlons jamais
41. Qui te fait si sévère ?
42. Thaïs va mourir !
43. La course dans la nuit
▪ Tableau III: La mort de Thaïs
44. Seigneur, avez pitié de moi
45. Sois le bienvenu dans nos tabernacles
46. Te souvient-il du lumineux voyage
Year/Date of CompositionY/D of Comp. 1894, revised 1898
First Performance. 1894-03-16 in Paris, Opéra Garnier Original version
L'Opéra de Paris. Cast, Chorus, Orchestra, Paul Taffanel (conductor)

1898-04-13 in Paris, Opéra Garnier Revised version

L'Opéra de Paris. Cast, Chorus, Orchestra
First Publication. 1894
Librettist Louis Gallet (1835–1898)
Language French
Composer Time PeriodComp. Period Romantic
Piece Style Romantic
Instrumentation voices, mixed chorus (SATB), orchestra
InstrDetail [more...]
Cast
Thaïs, a courtesan (soprano)
Athanaël, a Cenobite monk (baritone)
Nicias, a nobleman (tenor)
Crobyle, servant of Nicias (soprano)
Myrtale, servant of Nicias (mezzo-soprano)
Palémon, leader of the Cenobites (bass)
Albine, an abbess (mezzo-soprano)
A servant (bass)

Mixed Chorus (SATB)

Cenobites, Nuns, Citizens of Alexandria, Nicias's friends

Orchestra

piccolo, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets, bass clarinet,
2 bassoons, contrabassoon (or contrabass sarrusaphone)
4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba
timpani, triangle, bass drum, drum, cymbals, snare drum, crotales
harmonium, piano, 2 harps, strings
Related Works Pieces based on Thaïs
External Links Wikipedia article
Scores at Sheet Music Plus

Navigation etc.

Operas by Jules Massenet
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